Vibration Measurement Instruments

VIBRATION MEASUREMENT In some down to earth circumstances, it may be hard to build up a numerical model of the framework and foresee its vibration attributes through a diagnostic examination. In such cases, we can utilize trial techniques to quantify the vibration reaction of the framework to a known information. This aides in distinguishing the framework as far as its mass, solidness, and damping. By and by the estimation of vibration gets important for the accompanying reasons: 1.The expanding requests of higher profitability lead to higher working rates of hardware and effective utilization of materials through lightweight structures. These patterns make the event of full conditions increasingly visit during the activity of apparatus and decrease the dependability of the framework. Consequently the occasional estimation of vibration of hardware and structures gets basic to guarantee sufficient security edges. Any watched move in the normal frequencies or other vibration attributes will show either a disappointment or a requirement for upkeep of the machine. 2.The estimation of the normal frequencies of a structure or machine is valuable in choosing the operational rates of close by apparatus to maintain a strategic distance from thunderous conditions. 3. The hypothetically vibration qualities of a machine or structure might be not the same as the real qualities because of the suppositions made in the examination. 4. The estimation of frequencies of vibration and the powers created is essential in the structure and activity of dynamic vibration-disconnection frameworks. 5. In numerous applications, the survivability of a structure or machine in a predetermined vibration condition is to be determined.If the structure or machine can play out the normal errand considerably after finish of testing under the predefined vibration condition, it is required to endure the predetermined conditions. 6. Consistent frameworks are regularly approximated as multi-level of-o pportunity frameworks for effortlessness. In the event that the deliberate normal frequencies and mode states of a ceaseless framework are tantamount to the processed characteristic frequencies and mode states of the multi-level of-opportunity model, at that point the estimate will be end up being a substantial one. . The estimation of information and the subsequent yield vibration of a framework help in distinguishing the framework as far as its mass, firmness, and damping. 8. The data about ground vibrations because of seismic tremors, fluctuating breeze speeds on structures, arbitrary variety of sea waves, and street surface unpleasantness are significant in the plan of structures, machines, oil stages, and vehicle suspension systems.In general, a transducer is a gadget that changes in mechanical amounts, (for example, relocation, speed, quickening, or power) into changes in electrical amounts, (for example, voltage or ebb and flow). Since the yield signal (voltage or current) of a transducer is too little to be in any way recorded legitimately, a sign change instrument is utilized to enhance the sign to the required value.The yield from the sign transformation instrument can be introduced on a showcase unit for visual investigation, or recorded by an account unit, or put away in a PC for sometime in the future. The information would then be able to be broke down to decide the ideal vibration attributes of the machine or structure. Contingent upon the amount estimated, a vibration estimating instrument is known as a vibrometer, a speed meter, an accelerometer, a stage meter, or a recurrence meter. Reference connect: http://classof1. com/schoolwork help/building schoolwork help

Examine the Construction of Masculinity in a Streetcar Named Desire free essay sample

In both A Streetcar Named Desire and Death of a Salesman there is a male figure at the head of the two families who declare and express their manliness in very divergent manners. Alluding to the screen adjustments of the two plays, Stanley Kowalski is a solid, forceful and candid individual though Willy Loman through height just as discourse is a blundering, frail and anxious moron, driven by his own daydreams. Just as through the male heroes, the development of manliness happens through the ladies of the play, and how they act towards the men in the two creations, as expressed through Arthur Miller’s beginning stage headings about Linda (Willy’s spouse) ‘she more than cherishes him, she respects him’. In like manner with Stella and Stanley, after he assaults her (seen through stage bearings ‘There is a sound of a blow. Stella shouted out) ‘her eyes go dazzle with delicacy as she gets his head and raises him level with her’. We will compose a custom article test on Look at the Construction of Masculinity in a Streetcar Named Desire or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Do the trick to state, Stanley and Willy’s separate life partners love them genuinely and this is surely a fundamental contributory factor while thinking about the subject of manliness in the plays. This paper will pay specific concentration to the issue of cash that is a common topic and unquestionably impacts the development of manliness. Moreover, a nearby glance at the stage headings will be investigated just as the social, political and financial settings in which the two plays were developed. Generally, A Streetcar Named Desire and Death of a Salesman are two altogether different plays set in topographically just as socially disparate situations. Concerning manliness, Arthur Miller burns through no time in delineating Willy Loman as a stupid and capricious elderly person who is, yet with vanity, continually conciliated by his better half. Focussing on Willy, cash is fundamental to the molding of his manliness, and inferable from the way that he is obviously battling monetarily, his manliness is left shredded. His weariness is apparent’ is the manner by which he is at first depicted by Miller in his stage headings, though Stan Kowalski is the perfect inverse and seemingly communicates his manliness in the most crude manner toward the end at the of Scene X, â€Å"Oh! So you need some harsh house! Good, let’s have some unpleasant house! † Although Stanley and Stella live in the generally decrepit environmental factors of Elysian Fields, Stanley doesn’t have all the earmarks of being shackled by obligation and it is immaterial for Stella to

Summer Reading Part 7 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Summer Reading â€" Part 7 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog A few more incoming students have passed along content for summer reading/following.   If you are an incoming student and you want your information published see here for details. Ronald Calderon (Incoming MIA Energy and Environmental Policy and Management Concentration) Twitter: http://twitter.com/ekologica Bob Fitchette (Incoming MPA International Security Policy) Twitter: @bob_fitch Nathaniel Parish Flannery (Incoming MIA) Twitter: @LatAmLens Blog: http://blogs.forbes.com/nathanielparishflannery/ Writing: I blog for Forbes.com and have written articles for The Atlantic, The Nation, Laphams Quarterly, the Global Post and a few other news groups. Example: http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/chile/110228/chinese-food-restaurants Helene Roy (Incoming MIA) Blog of thoughts about urban sustainable development in New York, France and Europe. http://heleneroy.wordpress.com/ Twitter:   @helenem84

Dian Fossey, Primatologist - Profile and Biography

The Basics of Good Argumentative Essay Samples That You Can Learn From Beginning Right Away

The Basics of Good Argumentative Essay Samples That You Can Learn From Beginning Right Away An argumentative essay is a kind of essay that presents arguments about each side of a problem. It presents both sides of an issue. Writing an argumentative essay can at times be confusing as you don't necessarily understand how to compose a convincing argument. It is crucial to note an argumentative essay and an expository essay could possibly be similar, but they vary greatly regarding the quantity of pre-writing and research involved. You could also see essay examples. Argumentative research papers require a bit of structure unlike the typical essays. You can also see concept essays. After the term analytical essay is mentioned it could sound like an elaborate sort of essay. Good Argumentative Essay Samples Help! Odds are, all you have to do is relax and locate a topic you're passionate about and, obviously, one that's debatable. It is advised to look for the one which has a superior reputation and offers high-quality papers at economical rates. Deciding upon a question which everyone has agreed on the response to is not a great idea and, thus, not advisable by many experts. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but make sure to do your homework on what the recent laws about your favorite topic actually say. Statistics and specific data may also be helpful as you argue your principal point. To make things worse, they were forced to take a seat behind a curtain. Look through the list of topics with care and get started making a mental collection of the evidence it is possible to use on topics you prefer. An argumentative essay is a writing piece intended to persuade a person to believe the way that you do. Writing an argumentative essay might appear a challenging job. It is a skill that anyone in school needs to know, though it can be useful outside of the classroom, as well. Writing a persuasive, argumentative essay can be challenging, and at times it can find a little confusing. The Hidden Treasure of Good Argumentative Essay Samples Introduction essay paragraphs are central in any bit of writing for the reas on they give readers advance details about the content and the intention behind the material. In order to genuinely convince readers of your viewpoint, the argumentative essay must also appear at the opposing views. An outline is a good tool to remember what you intend to write about and to prevent a fear of getting started. Essentially anything that has to be understood before reading the remainder of the essay is background info, and ought to be included in the introduction. With a suitable strategy, motivation and devotion of time, you will be sure to succeed! The declaration virtually deal with all regions of inequality like education, job opportunities and earnings. As you can readily recognize, it all starts with a suitable argument. An argumentative essay example will reveal the should possess some crucial components which make it better in the practice of convincing. Thus, the proposal to improve funding for riverside recreational facilities might not be justified. The statement also assumes that in the event the state cleans up the river, the usage of the river for water sports will certainly increase. Paragraph 4 considers several explanations for why river clean-up plans might not be successful (the plans could be nothing more than campaign promises or funding might not be adequate). In the debut, that's the very first paragraph of the essay, Myrtle will want to spell out the matter and state her position. All things considered, you need to have an obvious statement to argue. Therefore, the response is adequately developed and satisfactorily organized to demonstrate the method by which the argument is dependent on questionable assumptions. You have to develop your argument. A comprehensive argument As mentioned before, an argument doesn't have to be formal. One of the greatest methods to change anybody's mind is with an emotional investment. If you've completed a nice job, they will observe things your way and your essay is going to be a success. Good Argumentative Essay Samples - Dead or Alive? To begin with, whenever you have the freedom to compose an essay about whatever you want, the very first issue to think about is how much you care about the situation. You're going to need to select a topic first, but your topic ought to be something that has two conflicting points or various conclusions. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a great deal about it. When selecting a topic make sure you like it, as you should devote days or even weeks on it, so it's important to stay motivated concerning the matter you discuss.

The Influence of Atheism in the Enlightenment Free Essays

The Influence of Atheism on the Age of the Enlightenment While skepticism and doubt have had a presence in human thought for nearly as long as religious faith has existed, they have had a place within religious thought rather than in opposition to it for the vast majority of their existence. Doubt was generally employed by religious thinkers for the purpose of strengthening and explaining their faith, as can be seen in the numerous â€Å"proofs† for the existence of God formulated by the great theologians of the Middle Ages, such as Thomas Aquinas and Anselm of Canterbury. With the new science and philosophy of the Enlightenment, however, unbelief began to be seen as a viable alternative option that stood in opposition to faith. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Atheism in the Enlightenment or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition to the popular deism of the Enlightenment, espoused by such important figures as Voltaire and Maximilien Robespierre, atheism also found its first explicit adherents among such figures of the French Enlightenment as Baron d’Holbach and Jacques Andre Naigeon. This new view of disbelief would have a major influence on subsequent generations of thinkers in the West as proponents of religion now had to contend with disbelief as a rival system of thought and many of the most influential philosophies, such as those of Friedrich Nietzsche and Karl Marx, supported and often assumed this concept of disbelief. Among the numerous new concepts introduced by the philosophers of the Enlightenment, one of those which have had the longest lifespan and the greatest impact has been the introduction of disbelief as a viable alternative position to religious faith, Atheism. One of the most central philosophical pursuits of the Middle Ages was the attempt to reconcile faith and reason. Medieval thinkers had inherited both the religious tradition of the ancient Middle East, which they saw as representative of faith, and the philosophical tradition of ancient Greece, which they saw as representative of reason. In their attempts to synthesize the two, the primary question they encountered was whether the existence of God, the primary object of faith, could be proved through the use of reason alone. Some of the greatest thinkers who have ever lived have pored at length over this question. † One of the most remarkable features of Medieval philosophy is the centrality of this question when compared with the apparent nonexistence of any separate class of nonbelievers. Not only are there no surviving writings by or about any person espousing outright unbelief during the Middle Ages, but according to Sarah Stroumsa, â€Å"in the discussions of God’s existence the actual opponents† of the philosophers examining the question â€Å"are not identified as individuals. As a group they are sometimes referred to as heretics, unbelievers, materialists, or skeptics. † Some of the greatest minds of the Middle Ages, then, dedicated large portions of their work to arguing against an entirely theoretical unbelief. When Anselm of Canterbury formulated his ontological argument and Thomas Aquinas formulated his famous â€Å"five ways† to prove the existence of God, they themselves assumed doubt in their writings in order to strengthen faith through reason and to demonstrate that faith and reason are compatible and complimentary. Later, in the fifteenth century, however, William of Occam set about undoing the synthesis which had been accomplished by Anselm, Aquinas, and others like them. Occam believed that â€Å"logic and theory of knowledge had become dependent on metaphysics and theology† as a result of their work and that they had made reason subservient to faith. He â€Å"set to work to separate them again. As a result of his work to separate faith and reason, according to Richard Tarnas, there arose the psychological necessity of a double-truth universe. Reason and faith came to be seen as pertaining to different realms, with Christian philosophers and scientists, and the larger educated Christian public, perceiving no genuine integration between the scientific reality and the religious reality. As scientific knowledge in Europe continued to increase exponentially, the gap between faith and reason continued to widen. Faith had grown detached from reason in ever more literal interpretations of the Bible and the sola fide, or â€Å"faith alone,† dogma of Protestantism, whereas reason increasingly freed itself from reference to faith and instead found its abode in the empirical sciences and â€Å"natural theology,† an approach to religion based on reason and experience rather than speculation and appeal to revelation, of Enlightenment thinkers like Descartes. Traditional Christianity, with its miracles and saints, came increasingly to be viewed as outdated and superstitious. This was especially true in the light of Newtonian physics. A mechanistic universe which operated consistently according to a standard set of laws did not allow for â€Å"alleged miracles and faith healings, self-proclaimed religious revelations and spiritual ecstasies, prophecies, symbolic interpretations of natural phenomena, encounters with God or the devil† and so on and so these ideas increasingly came to be viewed â€Å"as the effects of madness, charlatanry, or both. † According to Jacques Barzun, â€Å"religion as such [was] not attacked; it [was] redefined into simplicity. † In the light of this new scientific knowledge and the new views of religion it engendered, a new religious movement was needed. The new religious movement that emerged from this situation was deism. Deism allowed that â€Å"one may well be overawed by the Great Archetict and His handiwork;†13 after all, â€Å"Newton’s cosmic architecture demanded a cosmic architect. †14 However, â€Å"the attributes of such a God could be properly derived only from the empirical examination of his creation, not from the extravagant pronouncements of revelation. † The deists also prescribed that religion include much emphasis on â€Å"good morals,† as they, like the belief in a creator, â€Å"are universal† as well. This rather tenuous set of beliefs, however, could not hold for long. Samuel Clarke, an early English Enlightenment philosopher, noted in a letter to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz that The notion of the world’s being a great machine, going on without the interposition of God as a clock continues to go without the assistance of a clockmaker, is the notion of materialism and fate and tends (under pretense of making God a supramundane intelligence) to exclude providence and God’s government in reality out of the world. And by the same reason that a philosopher can represent all things going on from the beginning of the creation without any government or interposition of providence, a skeptic will easily argue still further backward and suppose that things have from eternity gone on (as they now do) without any true creation or original author at all but only what such arguers call all-wise and eternal nature. As more thinkers began to realize this, â€Å"the rationalist God †¦ soon began to lose philosophical support. Disbelief was no longer just the doubt and needs for â€Å"proofs† that had been present in Medieval thought. It was no longer theoretical and it was no longer subservient to the needs of religious thinkers in their attempts to strengthen the case for faith. Disbelief had become a new and distinct religious category in its own right. Later generations of Western thinkers (drawing on the thought of the Enlightenment in religious matters just as they did in political and ec onomic matters) carried on the Enlightenment’s new movement of disbelief. According to Richard Tarnas, It would be the nineteenth century that would bring the Enlightenment’s secular progression to its logical conclusion as Comte, Mill, Feuerbach, Marx, Haeckel, Spencer, Huxley, and, in a somewhat different spirit, Nietzsche all sounded the death knell of traditional religion. The Judaeo-Christian God was man’s own creation, and the need for that creation had necessarily dwindled with man’s modern maturation. Most Western philosophy after the Enlightenment, in fact, no longer felt the need to even argue for or against the existence of God. Rather, philosophers like those named by Tarnas as well as many others simply assumed the nonexistence of God as a fact and formulated their philosophy without regard to the existence of a deity. Ludwig Feuerbach, one of these nineteenth century philosophers who built on the work of the Enlightenment philosophers, stated explicitly that The question as to the existence or non-existence of God, the opposition between theism and atheism, belongs to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries but not to the nineteenth. I deny God. But that mans for me that I deny the negation of man. In place of the illusory, fantastic, heavenly position of man which in actual life necessarily leads to the degradation of man, I substitute the tangible, actual and consequently also the political and social position of mankind. The question concerning the existence or non-existence of God is not important but the question concerning the existence or non-existence of man is. For the philosophers of the Middle Ages, Renaissance, and even the Enlightenment, â€Å"the question concerning the existence or non-existence of God† had, of course, been seen as being of the utmost following the importance of the Enlightenment. Only a philosopher who lived in the wake of the Enlightenment and accepted its presuppositions in materialism and determinism would have been able to make such a statement as Feuerbach’s; his words are demonstrative of how influential the atheism of the Enlightenment had become. Though his words bout himself can only fairly be applied specifically to Feuerbach and do play an important role in his unique philosophy, much the same sentiments can with confidence be assigned to the vast majority of other great philosophers who The disbelief of the Enlightenment has also had a major effect on popular philosophy and religion, especially in Europe. According to the 2005 Eurobarometer Poll, approximately 18% of the citizens of countrie s in the European Union report that they â€Å"don’t believe there is any kind of spirit, God or life force. 29 This is a significant change, of course, from the situation in Europe during the Middle Ages, when Anselm, Aquinas, and others like them directed their arguments for the existence of God against vague, theoretical, and unnamed â€Å"skeptics† and â€Å"heretics. † The new prominence and popularity of disbelief also had a major effect within Christianity for much the same reason. Unbelievers were now real and unbelief itself now a viable alternative to religious faith; as a result, many believers felt a need to go on the defensive. Doubt, and even any application of reason to Christianity and to issues of faith, came to be viewed as insidious enemies, not as the means to the strengthening and further understanding of faith as in previous generations. 30 In removing a rational element from faith, faith came to be ever more irrational and, occasionally in later Western history, even anti-rational, as is evidenced by the growth and influence of Christian and semi-Christian sects focused on otherworldly mysticism, ecstatic experience, and emotionalism to the exclusion of logical thought and scientific knowledge in America and Europe during and following the Enlightenment. Christian apologetic also took on a more forceful character, as Christian apologists found it necessary to concede as little as possible to the unbelievers, such as defending extremely literal interpretations of the six-day creation and worldwide flood described in the biblical book of Genesis, whereas earlier generations of Christians had generally interpreted these events in allegorical and mystical terms. 31 Christian apologists also found it necessary to attack their unbelieving opponents with a new zeal, labeling them as â€Å"missionaries of evil† and focusing the bulk of their apologetic efforts on disbelief ather than on other religions or Christian heresies. 32 The attempts to reconcile faith and reason and the use of doubt as a faith-building tool had become things of the past. Doubt has been implicit within and an aspect of religious belief for as long as religious ideas have existed. This is especially true of the Christian religious tradition, whose most intellect ual adherents found reasonable arguments for the existence of God to be necessary in the course of their attempts to reconcile the inheritances they had received from both ancient Judaism and ancient Athens. The eventual reconciliation of faith with reason, though accomplished during the Middle Ages, fell apart as the Middle Ages ended, largely under the influence of William of Occam. With the dawn of the Enlightenment in Europe and especially the new scientific knowledge which it brought with it, the separation that had been wrought between faith and reason widened continually and ever more deeply. Deism originally rose from the â€Å"reason† side of this split as a supposedly reasonable alternative to religious superstition; it attempted to formulate a set of religious beliefs that was pared down to the basics of the existence of a creator God and a moral system he had ordained alongside the laws of the universe. As the universe and human beings themselves came to be viewed increasingly as natural machines, however, there was less and less need for the existence of a God or the plausibility of holding to a moral system based on one. With d’Holbach, atheismefound its first outspoken spokesman, extolling a worldview in which there was no God and everything that existed was part of the material world. As with much Enlightenment philosophy, this view subsequently gained such popularity and influence among philosophers that it became the assumed standpoint of later generations of philosophers. As with any great new idea, the effects became tremendous once atheism reached the ears of the people at large, reshaping the nature of both religious belief and disbelief throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and continuing through to today. How to cite The Influence of Atheism in the Enlightenment, Essay examples

Recitation Choral Reading Essay Example

Recitation: Choral Reading Essay Recitation Reading Aloud Dr. Catherine W. Cordeiro Aims:When you have finished completed the reading you should be able to: See the difference between singing and recitation Features of recitation Types of recitation Planning the recitation Pre – task: 1. Is singing the same as reading aloud? 2. Do you think reading aloud is important? 3. Do you need listeners for this activity? 4. Does reading aloud mean â€Å"being able to just recognize and read the words on the page? 5. Look up the meaning of the words ‘singing’ and ‘recitation’ in a dictionary. Features of Reading aloud recitation : Being able to read well, is a skill which one can develop, keeping a few things in mind. Haven’t you ever wished that you could read aloud better? Brain storming : When do the audience listen and enjoy what you read aloud to them? To read anything aloud well you must understand what you are reading. Understanding is not just recognizing the words! You must also understand what the author meant to say / express. Task Read the following poem ‘Sea Fever’, then think about the following questions : 1. What kind of mood does the poem create? How does the rhythm of the poem help to create this mood? 2. Do you think the title of the poem is a good one? Share your answers with your partner and then with the whole class. Sea Fever I must go down to the seas again, to the lonely sea and the sky, And all I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by; And the wheel’s kick and the winds song and the white sail’s shaking, And a gray mist on the sea’s face and a gray dawn breaking. I must go down to the seas again, for the call of the running tide Is a wild call and a clear call that may not be denied; And all I ask is a windy day with the white clouds flying, And the flung spray and the blown spume, and the sea gulls crying. I must go down to the seas again, to the vagrant gypsy life, To the guil’s way and the whale’s way where the wind’s like a whetted knife; And all I ask is a merry yarn from a laughing fellow-rover, And quiet sleep and a sweet dream when the long trick’s over. John Masefield Task : Listen and follow the poem silently as it is being read aloud. Features : When one really understands a passage / poem, one should be able to express its meaning. Expression is important. We will write a custom essay sample on Recitation: Choral Reading specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Recitation: Choral Reading specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Recitation: Choral Reading specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One can express excitement, boredom, grouchiness, happiness, weariness, simply by the way you speak. Reading aloud expressively also means being able to produce the sounds correctly and clearly. Reading to a group : When one reads to an audience. One must be able to get the thought, mood across to the listeners. The writer gives the words but the meaning is given by the reader. Suggestions for Better Reading Aloud : Know the through meaning before you start reading Read slowly and clearly enough so that everyone can hear you Breathe as naturally enough. Do not rush. Hold your book correctly. Not to far away or down below. Be relaxed as you read. Enjoy your reading. Look up occasionally. If there are amusing parts wait for the laughter to stop before you start again. Choral Reading and its Types : Poetry and must of prose should be read aloud for full appreciation. One has to imagine the sounds in a poem when it is being read silently. Task : Try reading these lines silently and then orally. Out Written He drew a circle that shut me out- Heretic, rebel, a thing to flout, But Love and I had wit to win: We drew a circle that took him in. (Edwin Markham) The sounds in the poem give it much of its beauty. Task : Read the poem above again, this time with everyone reading together at a time. This is called choral reading. Doing things together is fun. This is one reason why girls and boys big and small love choral reading. They derive much fun when they read well together, when they read as one person. Choral reading is a delightful way to help children interpret and share prose and poetry. Before the class actually starts reading a selection together, they must think about its meaning and how they can use their voice as an artist’s tool. They must think about the rhythm and sound of each line or sentence†¦. noting which words they need to stress and where pauses most naturally fall. This type of reading helps the class to enunciate clearly and to vary the volume, tempo, and quality of their voices for special effects. Choral reading is rewarding in many ways. Not only is it a creative and enjoyable activity, but it helps them learn to plan and work together. Students who are shy tend to lose thirir shyness and speak out in the safety of the group. They learn the importance of co-operation as they take turns to blend their voices in group response. Types of Choral Reading : 1. Refrain 2. Line-a-child 3. Antiponal 4. Unison Refrain : This type of reading is natural for a poem that contains a refrain. Usually the whole group says the refrain and one person speaks the other lines or the group can speak the lines, and one or two people the refrain. Line–a–child : In this type of reading, a number of lines are read in solo manner, each by a different child. Chosen parts of the poem are spoken by the group in unison. Each child having a solo part must watch his cue, as in dramatics, so as to speak his line promptly when his turn comes. This type works well with poems which have three or more characters. Antiphonal : This type of reading brings light and heavy voices into play against each other. It dramatizes a poem that contains dialogues, questions and answers. Or other elements giving contrasts. From the nature of the poem the class can decide which lines should be spoken by heavy voices and which by light. Unison : This is actually the most difficult type of choral reading. It requires students to stay together for a longer period of time. One can have this type of recitation for poems which have little change of moods and no dialogue. It tries to blend all kinds of voices in a suitable rhythm, volume, and tone. It is best to use this type of reading for a class that has little experience in choral reading. Poems for practice : Scythe song All:Mowers, weary and brown and blithe, What is the song methinks ye know. Endless over-work that the Scythe Sings to the blades of grass below? Scythes that swings in the grass and clover, Something, still, they say as they pass; What is the work that, over and over, Sings the Scythe to the flowers and grass? Girls:Hush, ah hush, Boys:the Scythes are saying Girls:Hush, and heed not, and fall asleep! Hush, Boys:They say to the grasses swaying, Girls:Hush, Boys:They sing to the clover deep! Girls:Hush- Boys:‘tis the lullaby Time is singing- Girls:Hush, and heed not, for all things pass, Hush, ah hush! Boys:and the scythes are swinging All:Over the clove, over the grass! OPPORTUNITY Solo:This I beheld, or dreamed it in a dream: Girls:There spread a cloud o fdust along a plain And beneath the cloud, or in it, Boys: raged A furious battle, and men yelled, and swords Shocked upon swords and shields. A prince’s banner Wavered, then staggered backward, hemmed by foes. Solo:A craven hung along the battle’s edge, And thought, Girls: â€Å"Had I a sword of keener steel- That blue blade that the king’s son bears, -but this Blunt thing -! † Solo: He snapt and flung it from his Hand, And lowering crept away and left the field. Boys:Then came the king’s son, wounded, sorre bestead, And weaponless, and saw the broken sword, Hilt-buried in the dry and trodden sand, All:And ran and snatched it, and with battle shout Lifted afresh, he hewed his enemy down, And saved a great cause that heroic day.