The concept of revenge in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay Example

The concept of revenge in Shakespeares Hamlet Paper In the Elizabethan era revenge was an important issue; this was a popular theme in the theatre and a main plot of the day. Shakespeares plays were in great demand by the public and had a great effect on the audiences who watched. Although most of the Elizabethan revenge plays were set in Italy or Spain the Elizabethan was still able to grasp the concept of the issues that were being raised in the play and was able to apply these issues to their daily living. Shakespeare was greatly influenced by the classical Roman dramatist Seneca; Shakespeare applied Senecas ideas to his work. This is because the structure and the plot of Senecas work were of such a high standard that Seneca became well known. Many revenge tragedies consists of a typical structure which, when analysed is found to be comprised of five parts which are as follows: Exposition this is usually shown through the image of a ghost who motivates the character to take revenge. We will write a custom essay sample on The concept of revenge in Shakespeares Hamlet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The concept of revenge in Shakespeares Hamlet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The concept of revenge in Shakespeares Hamlet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Anticipation this is where a planning of the revenge takes place. Confrontation This occurs between the avenger and the proposed victim. Delay The avenger has doubts as to whether or not he or she should carry out the murder. Completion this is the finale, which often concludes with the death of the revenger. In Shakespeares Hamlet there are two main plots, that is the main plot and the sub- plot. In the main plot of the play, Hamlet is commanded by the ghost of his father to seek revenge for his death. Before Hamlets encounter with the ghost Hamlet had no real motive of his own to seek revenge for the death of his father, as he was unaware of the cause. However, during this encounter the ghost says: Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder (Act 1 Sc5 Line25) This is where the tragedy begins, Hamlet is unsure of what to do at this point, as he wants to do the right thing for his father. The ghost explains the events of his murder to Hamlet. O all you host of heaven! O earth! What else? And shall I couple hell? Oh fie! Hold, hold, my heart, (Act 1 Sc5 Line 92-93) This shocks and appals Hamlet. This is evident through the language and punctuation that Shakespeare uses to express Hamlets surprise and disgust of his uncles betrayal Hamlet has many questions in which he needed answering, as he does not understand why the death of his father has happened, he seeks to get his questions answered of how to seek revenge from a spiritual realm as he feels God has forsaken him. Ay so, God bye to you. Now I am alone. (Act2 Sc2 Line 501) Hamlet is indecisive as to what action to take, he vows to the ghost never to speak to anyone of their encounter or their conversation. With his newfound information, Hamlet now had to find evidence that Claudius committed the murder. The ghost of Hamlets father instigates Hamlets drive for revenge. From then on, Hamlets behaviour towards other people changes causing him to act strangely with everyone. He speaks in riddles for example, he withdraws people in society so that he is not asked any personal questions, which may cause him to declare he is looking for revenge, especially by Marcellus and Horatio who have also seen the ghost and are eager to find out who it was and what it required of Hamlet. Marcellus and Hortatio have been sworn to secrecy, not to speak of what they have seen. If they do see Hamlet acting strangely they are not to show any knowledge of why this is happening. At this point Hamlet begins to feign his madness in order as part of his revenge tactic so that he can buy time to find out if Claudius committed this murder or not. Why what an ass am I! This is most brave, That I, the son of the dear murdered, Prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell, Must like a whore un pack my heart with words and fall a cursing like a very drab, A scullion! (Act 2 Sc 2) Hamlet is ashamed of his own inaction. This is because he needed to be clear with his intentions as to what his motives are. Hamlet is now playing on his madness in order to catch his uncles conscience; as another revenge tactic Hamlet puts on a play which re-enacts the story of his fathers death. This use of reverse psychology does work as Hamlet and Horatio notice Claudius uneasy behaviour as the play progresses. Thomas Kyds The Spanish Tragedy also uses the technique of a play within a play in order to inform the Spanish King, Viceroy and the Duke of Castile of the events, which have occurred (Act 4 Sc 1). As for Hamlet, he does this so that he can investigate the reaction of Claudius. Hamlet wants to distinguish the fact as to whether or not Claudius is guilty of his fathers murder. The ghost informs Hamlet as to what happened the night he was murdered and he is told to seek revenge. Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder (Act1 Sc5) Despite evidence to suggest Claudius is guilty and the desperate words of Hamlets fathers ghost convicting Claudius of the murder, Hamlets own conscience causes him to have second thoughts about killing his uncle. He ponders over his eternal consequences after death. Claudius is aware of what Hamlet is trying to achieve and knows he is feigning his madness. Claudius knows the reason why Hamlet has been acting this way and is threatened by this, as he knows he stands a chance of losing every thing. Claudius decides to send Hamlet to England because he fears he is a threat to everyone because if his madness so he wants every one to believe. Claudius has ulterior motives. He plans later in the plot with Laertes to have Hamlet killed. When Hamlet returns home from England he argues that his reasons for revenge are well justified. Hamlet expresses his regret in actions towards Laertes, he acknowledges that Laertes is seeking revenge and he understands him as a fellow avenger. That to Laertes I forgot myself, For by the images of my cause, I see The portraiture of his. Ill court his favours. But sure the bravery of his grief did put me Into a towering passion (Act 5 Scene 2 Line 76- 80) The second plot, which is the sub-plot of the play, is with relation to Laertes who wants to seek revenge for the death of his father and sister at the hand of Hamlet. While Hamlet is feigning in sanity, without any motive he kills someone who was spying on his mother who was in private room who turns out to be Polonius. This careless action or reaction also results in the death of Hamlets love and Laertes sister Ophelia. When Ophelia was told the tragic news of her fathers death, she was deeply affected mentally this consequently resulted in her insanity. Laertes is very vengeful as he returns from his voyage to find his sister in this strange state of mind and his father dead. Laertes turns to Claudius in his despair. Claudius attempts to calm Leartes down by reassuring him it was not him who committed the murder of his father but they together can investigate who is responsible for this even though he knows the main suspect. Like a good child and a true gentleman. That I am guiltless of your fathers death, and am most sensibly in grief for it, it shall as level to your judgement pierce As day does your eye (Act 4 Sc 5) The feud has now begun with Laertes, with his duty to avenge the death of his father. Laertes visits his sister and is daunted by the extent of her madness. This disturbs Laertes greatly and becomes his main focus that is, seeking revenge for the monstrous act, which has taken place. Claudius has his personal grudge against Hamlet and comes up with a plan of how Laertes can seek his revenge on Hamlet, which concludes with his death. Claudius plans for Alerts and Hamlet to have a duel, but he plans on sabotaging the duel by having one of the swords without a blunt. Laertes bids to poison the tip of the sword to ensure that Hamlets death is certain. Claudius agrees to this, as he believes it is the way to secure all that he has at stake, as Hamlet knows about the murder of the late king. At this point of the play revenge dominates many characters causing the dramatic tension to be very intense with both the plot and sub plot. The play is now at it its climax, leaving the audience in suspense as to what is going to happen next. In both plots the main characters want to seek their revenge, Laertes on Hamlet and Hamlet on Claudius. When looked at in depth both Hamlet and Laertes have a link with Claudius. Hamlet wants his revenge on Claudius; but also Laertes who wants revenge on Hamlet is used by Claudius to remove Hamlet. At this point of the play Shakespeare shows the consequences of revenge through multiple tragic events. Firstly Claudius asks Hamlet if he will duel with Laertes, he accepts. Hamlet apologises for the murder of his father and also Laertes accepts. They begin their duel. Claudius offers to order wine in celebration of Hamlets triumph Hamlet declines the drink, but Gertrude drinks from the cup unaware that it is poison. As the two continue to duel Hamlet gets wounded they exchange swords, Claudius was unaware that this was going to happen and Laertes is then wounded. Claudius believes his plot is going to plan not knowing that Laertes and Hamlet have settled their differences as Leartes reveals deceitful plan. Hamlet is livid at this precise moment with Claudius as he wounds him and forces him to drink form the poisonous cup. Claudius dies shortly after Leartes and finally Hamlet who declares Fortinbras to be his choice for king. In concluding it would be fair to say this revenge tragedy is more about questions than answers. (AOL.co.uk: Search: Shakespeares revenge) Although the play is dominated by revenge Shakespeare devotes the climax of the play to the consequences of seeking revenge. The character of Hamlet was presented as a great and noble figure that suffered a great deal after his father died to the point of where he lost every thing including his mind. This suffering is evident from the beginning of the play and continues throughout as Hamlet is faced with making some difficult decisions. To make his situation worse he loses his chance for the throne, which was his birthright, his mother, Ophelia, friends and his peace of mind. Hamlet experiences a tremendous down fall and recognises that there is satisfaction in getting revenge however, he continues to seek revenge. From a moral standpoint revenge is seen as an immoral act as it is seen as seeking personal justice which is socially unacceptable however, it is also a human instinct which requires a great deal of self control to gainsay . Some people resort to revenge based on the theory of An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth which they believe justifies their actions before God. Criminals still use this as a way of defending honour today even though seeking your own revenge is illegal. The plot in Hamlet draws us in to the play, which allows the reader to think deeply about the issues that have been raised about morality as the play questions moral goodness. This is where Hamlet comes face to face with the fact that we as humans are all going to die regardless of wealth or class. Although Hamlet was set in the Elizabethan era, the issues raised in this essay are still relevant to a contemporary audience. The issues were as relevant then as they are today.

Glorious Death Essays - France, Battle Of The Somme, Trench Warfare

Glorious Death Essays - France, Battle Of The Somme, Trench Warfare Glorious Death With the current situations in Angola and Kosovo. And Past situations like the Civil War and WWII. A question arises. Is it glorious to die for your country?.... This question has been posed to many young people about to embark on war although the answer has usually been 'yes' in response to their country due mainly to the fact that the government instills it in the people of the country to support one's country and one way is to send young abled bodied men into the army. If you were one individual that was not in favour of fighting for your country you would surely become an outcast by the countries people. To avoid ridicule and becoming outcasted by the people living around you, you would join the army just in the thought that you were obligated to for the sole sake of your country. Such thoughts were reinforced by the government promotion of propaganda. Glorifying death is not needed to be taught and should be up to the sole individual. School systems should teach an unbiased point of view of war to enable the child to make their own decision to fight for one's country. Within the education system it was instructed to the teachers to teach the children at a young age during the brink of war to instill that their the life of the country and for them to defend their country against the enemy. Teachers showed being in a army was representing honour and the pride of the country. Guilt was laid on the students who showed rebellion by the teacher. Many times the teacher would try to show a soldier that looks happy and content trying to represent being a soldier makes you happy and content. Many young inexperienced soldiers were sent to training camps near the battle fields that they would soon be sent to fight, for their country and their life. The training camps were situated on similar enviroments that resembled the battle fields of where the fighting would take place. Reinforced displine to the young and ignorant men. Trench warfare is when many soldiers of opposing countries fight against each other across a vast desolate, dirt covered land, and the only sense of cover was to crouch in a usually water logged trench. The sense of death engulfed your very soul, the constant bombardment of shells echo in your mind long after it had ceased. On the Western front conditions were horrible to say the least, stench of death remained constantly in the air, bodies riddled with bullet wounds lay across the bottoms of the trenches, dismembered bodies scattered across the landscape and the sounds of agonizing and dying men echo across the battle grounds. Very limited rations offering very little in flavour was the only food available to the soldiers. Often raining, it caused muddy, damp conditions. The men staying in a trench filled with water and muddy conditions often caused such diseases as trench foot and trench mouth. Contagious diseases were spread quickly. Lack of cleaniness gave many soldiers lice and rats would run through the trenches feeding on the garbage and human wastes. Thousands of soldiers would line up under the cover of their trenches for a stretch of miles and wait for the leading officer to give the signal for the charge. When the signal was given the thousands of soldiers would all try to run across the no-man's land to attempt the breach of the enemies trench. This charge would be under constant machine gun fire and mortar shelling by the enemy. These kind of attacks usually failed maily due to the fact the odds were already stacked against the attacking party. The distances the charging men had to run to get to the enemies trench was far enough for the enemy to use it's constant shelling and it's machine gun fire to dwindle the attacking army significant enough for the attacking army to retreat. Counter attacks were quickly attempted after the attacks. The counter attacks were similiar to the actual attacks except the difference was that the counter attack involved the killing of the retreating of the enemy instead of attacking someone under the cover of

How to Study for a Social Science Test

How to Study for a Social Science Test When you study for a test in one of the social sciences, like history, government, anthropology, economics, and sociology, you must keep in mind that three things are important. You must understand the vocabulary of your discipline.You must understand the concepts you encounter in each segment of your study.You must understand the significance of each concept. Students are sometimes frustrated after an exam in the social sciences because they feel they prepared adequately but discovered during the exam that their efforts didnt seem to make a difference at all. The reason this happens is because students prepare for one or two of the items above, but they dont prepare for all three. Common Mistakes When Studying Social Science Vocabulary   The most common mistake students make is studying the vocabulary alone - or mixing concepts in with vocabulary. There is a big difference! To understand this, you can think of your material as a batch of cookies that you need to prepare. The vocabulary words are the ingredients, like sugar, flour, and eggs.Each individual concept is a cookie. Each looks a little different from the others, but each one stands alone as important.Altogether, the cookies make up a batch. You must create an entire batch of comprehension when you study for an exam in social science; you cant stop with a collection of ingredients! Here is why this is so important: Vocabulary words show up as short answer or fill-in-the-blank questions. Concepts often show up as multiple choice questions and essay questions. Treat your vocabulary as a set of ingredients for understanding the concepts. Use flashcards to memorize your vocabulary, but remember that to fully understand your vocabulary definitions, you must also understand how they fit into the larger concepts. Example: Imagine that you are preparing for a political science test. A few vocabulary words are a candidate, vote, and nominate. You must understand these individually before you can understand the concept of an election cycle. Studying in Stages The bottom line for preparing for a test in any social science is that you must study in stages. Practice vocabulary, but also study concepts and understand how different vocabulary words fit into each concept. Your concepts will also fit into a greater collection of knowledge (batch), like a specific historical period (Progressive Era) or a certain government type (dictatorship). The concepts you study are as individual as your vocabulary words, but it will take time and practice to recognize concepts as entities because the lines can be somewhat blurred. Why? The idea of a single vote (vocabulary word) is pretty clear cut. The idea of a dictatorship? That can be defined as many things. It can be a country with a dictator or a country with a very strong leader who demonstrates unchallenged authority, or it can even be an office that holds control over an entire government. Actually, the term is used to define an entity (like a company) that is controlled by one person or one office. See how blurred the concept can become? To summarize, any time you study for a social science test, you must go back and forth studying vocabulary, studying concepts, and studying how those concepts fit into the overall theme or time period. To study effectively for a social science exam, you must give yourself at least three days of study. You can use your time wisely and gain a full understanding of both terminology and concepts by using a method called  3 Way 3 Day study technique.

Writing Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Writing Assignment 2 - Essay Example The article also aimed to establish a pattern of communication between different types of groups. The study conducted by Kurz focused more on the â€Å"discussions between in-group dyads about an out-group, or a member of an out-group† (Kurz, 2009. p. 894). Technically, what Kurz wanted to achieve in his study is to understand the dynamics of communications within a given group and how this dynamics affect the individuals within and outside of the group. According to Kurz, â€Å"the prevalence of stereotypical descriptions in discussions of out-groups within in-group dyads may stem from a desire to affirm shared beliefs about the out-group†(Kurz, 2009. p. 893). In the article, Kurz described stereotyping as a means for the individual to gain favor within the group. By surveying the various communication stereotypes, the author hoped to identify useful means of communication that individuals and groups can use to gain favors from each other. In conducting the research, Kurz relied on the dyad and group discussion paradigms to get the data and other information that he needed. He also tried to investigate the ways on how narratives of group members are reproduced among the other members of the group and used effectively. In drawing his hypothesis, Kurz relied on a study of related literature that points out that those narratives about group members when communicated to other members tend to be â€Å"stripped of stereotype inconsistent information (SI), with stereotype consistent (SC) information being retained† (Kurz, 2009, p. 895). Accordingly, the stereotype consistency bias can be attributed to the communication process by which the information passes from one person to another rather than a result of general memory biases (Wigboldus, et al, 2005). In other words, as the message from an outside source is repeated within the group and is passed from one group member to another, the message now takes

Incentive Plans Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Incentive Plans Paper - Essay Example However, all incentive plans are not equally effective. The effectiveness and efficiency of a particular plan is dependent on two major aspects – 1) organizational metrics which influence the performances of the employees and 2) the degree of customizability of the incentive plan (Bohlander & Snell, 2009). The incentive plans should be developed considering the actual needs of the employees of the organization. An effective incentive plan is likely to be transparent, objective oriented and measurable (Durai, 2010). In simple words it can be said that good incentive plan motivate the employees to achieve their individual goals in the organization and the collective achievement of the individual objectives enable the organization to achieve its overall objectives. The aspect of the relationship between the incentive plan and organizational goal is explained below in the context of a real organization. India based Adamas Consulting Pvt Ltd is a medium sized company that works in the content writing industry. It has clients that are based in US, UK, Australia and India. There are almost 50 qualified writers in the company. Performance of each and every of them is evaluated on the basis of quantity as well as quality of their writing. Projects that are accepted can be of different sizes. They are distributed on the basis of the domain of the subject and the qualification of the writers. Each and every project come with a certain point and this is determined on the basis of the number of pages that are to be written and time period within which it needs to be completed. Writers who work as permanent employees in the company have a target of 1200 points in month. On the other side, writers who are in the probationary period have to make at least 900 points per month. The incentive plan of the company says that in case of a permanent employee every point beyond 1200 points gives additional INR 10. However, in case of an employee who is in the probationary period every additional point gives only INR 5. The person who will make maximum points in a year will receive a special bonus which is equals to 25% of his/her monthly salary. The company is planning to add few more features in the incentive plans in near future. The main objective of Adamas is to make as much revenue as possible, because it has plans to expand within the current fiscal into other sectors. The company likes to get into the industry of web designing and internet marketing. As a result, the company wants to earn a significant volume of revenue from its existing business. The incentive plan is in alignment with this objective of the company. Adamas believes that the plan is motivating enough to make the employees work to the best of their potential. If the entire situation is analyzed keeping the present organizational objectives and goals in mind it seems that the incentive program supports the overall objective of the company. However, if the situation is analyzed from th e long term perspective it will be found that the present incentive plan may have a negative impact on the quality of services and this can hurt the relationship with the existing clients of the company. Writing is such job that requires enough thinking to make the best one. If the writers write for making more and more money only then the quality is likely to fall. This in turn will increase the number of revision request from the customers and hence time required to complete

The Optical Time Domain Reflectometer Essay Example for Free

The Optical Time Domain Reflectometer Essay In fiber optic networks, OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) is an opto-electronic instrument used to characterize an optical fiber. Unlike power meters OTDR does not measure loss, but instead implies it by looking at the backscatter signature of the fiber. Generally, OTDR are used to determine the loss of any part of a system, the length of the fiber and the distance between any points of interest. Most of the light which is sent to the fiber can be detected at the other end, but a part of it is always absorbed or scattered. Absorption and scattering are caused by imperfections of fiber, small grains of dirt, for instance. Scattering means that light is not absorbed but it is just sent in different angle after it hits small particles in optical fiber (Figure 1). Some of the light is scattered to the direction it came from. This is called backscattering. Backscattering forms the basis to the use of the optical time domain reflectometry. Figure 1 Rayleigh –scattering in optical fiber Optical time domain reflectometry is based on scattering and reflections. OTDR sends an optical pulse to the fiber and measures the received backscattering. The signal which is received consists naturally only of scattering and reflections of pulse which was sent. By interpreting signal as a function of time OTDR can draw an attenuation of a fiber as a function of distance. Theory of the OTDR Optical time domain reflectometry measures backscattering as a function of time and graph is then drawn as a function of distance (Figure 2). The graph represents the power of signal which the detector of the OTDR receives. The graph of fiber probed by OTDR consists of two spikes with gradually decreasing line between them. The line between spikes is decreasing because the received signal is decreased as a function of distance in accordance with attenuation coefficient of fiber. At the both ends of fiber reflection is large (Fresnel reflection) which creates spikes to the graph. Length of the fiber can therefore be measured from the width of the graph. Figure 2 OTDR signal as a function of distance An OTDR trace is a graphical representation of optical changes or events on a fiber. An event could be a splice, optical connector, a bend, a break, or just normal backscattered light from the fiber itself. In the OTDR trace faults for instance, are shown as a drop in the power of received signal (Figure 3). Size of a drop depends on an amount of power that is lost due to the component. The lost power represents of course the attenuation of component. Components and faults in fiber are either reflective or nonreflective. Reflective components create a spike to the graph of OTDR the same way as the both ends of fiber do. With nonreflective components there are no spikes because no excess light is reflected back. In most cases reflective attenuation is caused by connectors or other passive components and nonreflective attenuation is usually caused by fusion splice or similar fault in fiber. Figure 3 Attenuation of different faults Figure 4 OTDR Trace Information The slope of the OTDR trace shows the attenuation coefficient of the fiber and is calibrated in dB/km by the OTDR (Figure 4). Whereby, The height of that peak will indicate the amount of reflection at the event, unless it is so large that it saturates the OTDR receiver. Then the peak will have a flat top and tail on the far end, indicating the receiver was overloaded. Sometimes, the loss of a good fusion splice will be too small to be seen by the OTDR. Thats good for the system but can be confusing to the operator. It is very important to know the lengths of all fiber in the network so that the operator is not confused by unusual events. Reflective pulses show the resolution of the OTDR. Two events which are closer than the pulse width cannot be seen. Generally longer pulse widths are used to be able to see farther along the cable plant and narrower pulses are used when high resolution is needed, although it limits the distance the OTDR can see. The Dead Zone Dead zones originate from reflective events (connectors, mechanical splices, etc.) along the link, and they affect the OTDR’s ability to accurately measure attenuation on shorter links and differentiate closely spaced events, such as connectors in patch panels, etc. When the strong optical reflection from such an event reaches the OTDR, its detection circuit becomes saturated for a specific amount of time (converted to distance in the OTDR) until it recovers and can once again measure backscattering accurately. As a result of this saturation, there is a part of the fiber link following the reflective event that can not be â€Å"seen† by the OTDR. Analyzing the dead zone is very important to ensure the whole link is measured. Two types of dead zones are usually specified: 1. Event dead zone: This refers to the minimum distance required for consecutive reflective events to be â€Å"resolved†, i.e., to be differentiated from each other. If a reflective event is within the event dead zone of the preceding event, it will not be detected and measured correctly. Industry standard values range from 0.8 m to 5 m for this specification. Figure 5 Common OTDR with 3 m event dead zone 2. Attenuation dead zone: This refers to the minimum distance required, after a reflective event, for the OTDR to measure a reflective or non-reflective event loss. To measure short links and to characterize or find faults in patchcords and leads, the shortest possible attenuation dead zone is best. Industry standard values range from 3 m to 10 m for this specification. To overcome the problem of dead zones, usually a patchcord of about 100 m is added at the beginning of the system. As a result, all lauch dead zone problems have finished before the fiber (which is to be tested) is reached. Ghosts When testing short cables with highly reflective connectors, it is likely to encounter ghosts like in Figure 6. These are caused by the reflected light from the far end connector reflecting back and forth in the fiber until it is attenuated to the noise level. Ghosts are very confusing, as they seem to be real reflective events like connectors, but will not show any loss. If a reflective event in the trace is found at a point where there is not supposed to be any connection, but the connection from the launch cable to the cable under test is highly reflective, look for ghosts at multiples of the length of the launch cable. Figure 6 OTDR Ghosts Resolution of the OTDR Consider that light travels 1 m every 5 ns in the fiber, so a pulsewidth of 100 ns would extend for a distance of 20 m. When the light reaches an event, such as a connector, the light is reflected. The reflection appears to be a 20 m pulse on the OTDR. However, if two events are separated by a distance of 10 m or less (Figure 7), the two reflections will overlap and join up in returning to the OTDR. Figure 7 Thus the OTDR will display the two events as one event and the loss at each event is not detected, instead the sum of losses at both events will be shown on the OTDR. Choosing a shorter pulsewidth may give a better resolution but in turn resulting a low energy content (causing shorter detection range). Besides using a shorter pulse which will provide the required range, a tool that is called a â€Å"visual fault locator† can help too. The visual fault locator injects a bright red laser light into the fiber to find faults. If there is a high loss, such as a bad splice, connector or tight bend stressing the fiber, the light lost may be visible to the naked eye. This will resolve event which is close to the OTDR or close to another event that are not resolvable to the OTDR. The limitation of this tool is about 4 km.

Project Plutarch :: Short Stories Science Essays

Project Plutarch The chronometer superimposed over the edge of Floyd Garcia's vision displayed the year 28, A.D. This was the farthest projection yet, by nearly a thousand years, and at this temporal distance the computers were having trouble keeping up with the uncertainty calculations. This made the scene quite nauseating as Floyd adjusted the Virtual reality goggles and wiped the sweat from the place where the cushioned rim was held firmly against his cheeks by the tight elastic headband. Maybe the queasiness also had something to do with anticipation. In any case he was glad he had logged over a thousand hours on the terminal, the jerkiness of the nearer destinations in time acting as a sort physical training for the rigors of further projection. At this temporal distance the probability calculations involved with past projection were taxing even the giant hive of supercomputers which man once thought would have help to map out the cosmos, projection forward in distance rather than backwards in time. Arguably the first project, a NASA brainchild, had experienced a lot more enthusiasm in scientific circles. The new project, being independently run by a small team of four up and coming visionaries and funded by the University of San Juan, received a more cynical welcome. True, if mankind could use mathematical computer algorithms to construct probable models of past events, which would glean the truth from the uncertainties of the process of history, the implications would be staggering. But legitimate scientists weren't biting. Most of them claimed it was because the idea of extrapolating past events with probability mathematics didn' t offer any accuracy, or hope of verification. Floyd had conceded this point from the start. The simulation wouldn' t provide exact details, Floyd had maintained, but was convinced that for major events of global significance with a variety of well-documented viewpoints to test the projection against, the simulation would be good enough. Floyd reached out with his meat arms and legs to make sure he was still well balanced and firmly strapped into his chair. The scene that now presented itself in front of the public grounds in Jerusalem was giving him the combination of motion sickness and vertigo that he had jokingly coined to be "past shock." Of course, it had nothing to do with the past really but rather the way in which the simulation was forced to operate.

‘Federal Government Increasingly Dominates State Governments in the Usa.’ Discuss.

A2 politicsJess Waldron ‘Federal government increasingly dominates state governments in the USA. ’ Discuss The United States of America have a federal constitution, where the President of the United States, Congress, and the judiciary share powers, and the federal government shares sovereignty with the state governments. This is the stark opposite to the unitary system in the UK where sovereignty lies in parliament and some powers are given to local assemblies.There are many types of federalism; all have been a dominant influence in the American political system at some point due to the style of leadership brought in by each new presidential candidate. Throughout U. S. history, the division of power between the federal government and state governments has been the subject of continuous political interest. After suffering from the British government's tyrannical ideologies that led to the American Revolution (1775), many Americans were conditioned to distrust centralized governmental powers.As a result, when Congress drew up the Articles of Confederation in 1781, the new central government was assigned very few powers. The central government had little authority over taxation, court systems and commerce. The states were essentially politically independent governments, each free to regulate commerce in whatever ever way they wanted, make money, and have their state courts hold judgment over national laws mostly entrenched in the US constitution. In 1787 a Constitutional Convention was called to restructure the government and create a national economy.This convention was called as many Americans realized after the American Revolution, that such an unorganized governmental structure entirely based on state powers would hold back political and economic growth of America as a country. Debates were rife between federalists, those supporting a strong central government as proposed in a Virginia plan, and anti-federalists supporting continued strong state g overnments as proposed in a New Jersey plan. Finally, a compromise, known as the Great Compromise, was struck in Philadelphia deciding on federalism as the basis for the governmental structure.Federalism is a dual (split in two) system of sovereignty, splitting power between a central government and various state governments. Both the federal and state governments can directly govern citizens through their own officials and laws. The resulting Constitution allowed powers for both federal and state governments. Each had some separate powers and some shared powers. A federalist called John Marshall, as Chief Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court, made decisions favoring a strong federal government over state government power.In Marbury v. Madison (1803) Marshall used judicial review (where the Court is the government body to decide whether laws are constitutional), this was used in accordance with the principles and power established by the Constitution. By the late 1930s, the Great Depr ession resulted in a dramatic change. The idea of federalism and Marshall's earlier positions returned. In West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish (1937) the Court extended federal power to regulate some economic activities within states.Under a broadened Commerce Clause interpretation, federal powers expanded at the expense of state powers and emphasis on the Tenth Amendment declined. The Court in NLRB v. United States (1936) reaffirmed the Wagner Act which brought labor relations under federal oversight. In addition, the Social Security Act creating a national retirement fund, passed in 1935. Another important shift in power had occurred. Increased federal powers were further recognized in the 1950s and 1960s, primarily over the issue of racial discrimination. Through the 1940s the states had kept the responsibility for governing the rights of its citizens.Therefore, to protect individual rights from state abuses, the Supreme Court began â€Å"issuing decisions limiting state powers rela ted to freedoms of speech and religion, due process rights to fair trials, and equal protection of the law†. The Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) barred racial segregation policies in public schools and brought local school districts under federal oversight. A 1965 ruling in South Carolina v. Katzenbach upheld the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that prohibited state-established voting requirements.Also in 1965, the protection of privacy from state powers was recognized in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) setting the basis for abortion rights. On the other hand, New federalism came into effect in the latter half of the twentieth century due to the southern white resentment against the role of Washington in bringing an end to segregation in the 50’s and 60’s. Over taxation, voter apathy and over regulation from federal government also added to this umbrage from the citizens of America. New federalism was promoted by republican presiden ts, most notably RichardNixon (1969-1974) and Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) to address the growing disillusionment between citizens and federal government. It gave power back to the states and reversed federal dominance somewhat by promoting measure to give states greater leverage. An example of one of these measures is Clinton’s ‘unfunded mandates act’, which required that the congressional budgets office to provide estimates of the cost of bills with federal mandates once they were put forth to be discussed on the floor of the senate/house of representatives. Not only did federal government push for state rights, so did the Supreme Court.Examples of this are cases such as US v. Lopez (1995) where the interstate commerce clause of the constitution was interpreted in a more limited way. In 1791, an amendment was passed to allow the powers that weren’t granted to neither federal nor state government, be reserved to the states. President Clinton famously remarke d in 1966 that ‘the era of big government is over’ and he worked to redirect financial resources and responsibilities back to the states. Similarly to many other republican candidates such as President Reagan who promised to further the extent of new federalism through state grants and limited revenue-sharing.Not only did republican candidates for the Whitehouse make bold movements for the shuffling of power back towards the states, so did the states themselves. They introduced cuts in income tax rates and also became more involved in education within their states like in Vermont and the introduction of meal vouchers. Also, in tackling crime, like in New York city where the Mayor introduced his ‘Zero tolerance’ approach to petty crimes. There is a lot of evidence both for agreeing that federal government dominates state government and against. But, it can also be said to strike the right balance.Since 2009, federal-state relations have changed yet again wit h the introduction of Obama’s ‘Progressive’ federalism. Many expected Obama’s presidency to involve an expansion of federal authority based on his political record, but given the â€Å"kaleidoscopic† history of federalism, as described by Zimmerman, it was a shock to see how far he actually went. He moved away from the notion of pre-emption which showed that he may want to incorporate more elements of co-operative federalism as oppose to any one entity having more power than the other.A recent decision of Obama’s that demonstrates his ‘progressive’ federalism in action was to allow California and other states the freedom to set their own limits on greenhouse gases from. This represents a shift in the relationship of federal government and state by looking to states for new measures and guidance. But at the same time keep overall say within congress and the executive. In conclusion, after evaluating both sides of the argument that the essay question has posed, it is obvious that states do in fact have many powers, but overall power is still held in federal government.This is a beneficial thing as federal government are utilitarian and diverse enough to make decisions for the greater good as oppose to a small margin of opinions expressed by one section of the USA influencing another part that may have completely different ideologies. There is a definate shift in the Obama administration to a more ‘cooperative’ form of federalism, instead of the political systems in American having to be overly state rights or overly federal government.

Macbeth: Illusion vs. Reality

Kendall Dawson 1/23/12 Macbeth- Illusion v Reality Thesis: In Shakespeare Macbeth the theme illusion v Reality was an important theme that was displayed throughout the play. The Illusions are what influenced the characters reality. When the illusions were displayed they were interpreted in reality and majority of the time sparked a negative outcome. â€Å"Foul is Fair, Fair is Soul (Act 1. p. 7)† is repeatedly quoted throughout the play. The Interpretation of this quote relates in depth to what seems right in this story actually is not, pertaining to the misleading illusions throughout the essay that caused him to kill people and to be haunted by his sins endlessly. Evidence/Supporting Sentence Witches prophecies were illusions because in reality some were misleading to Macbeth causing him further trouble throughout the play. Their appearance as well is an illusion. â€Å"You appear to have beards, but you also look like women (Act 1). Macbeth should have realized that if he could not believe if their external appearance he should have not trusted in their prophecies. â€Å"It is an accustomed action with her to seem thus washing her hands. I have known her to continue in this a quarter of an hour (Act 5. sc. 1). † Lady Macbeth believes her hands are stained of the blood of those she has slain and she is haunted by it so she continues to wash them even though there is not any blood. False face must hide what the false heart doth know (Act 4). † Macbeth had given this advice to Lady Macbeth who has begun to be haunted by the slaying. He wanted her to mask her discern, as well as black out the haunting nightmares and keep a happy face to the public. At the end of the play Lady Macbeth became very regretful and concerns her for life. She admitted to the crimes her and her husband committed as well as knew she was going to be slain in return.

The Motif of Time in Shakespeares Sonnet Essays

The Motif of Time in Shakespeares Sonnet Essays The Motif of Time in Shakespeares Sonnet Essay The Motif of Time in Shakespeares Sonnet Essay Time may well be the most confusing, Incomprehensible and paradox matter In our universe. There seems to be no possibility of influencing it in any way and we have to accept that it will always follow its own course. While most would agree, William Shakespeare in his own way was different. In his Sonnet 19, his lyrical I even tries to stop it, this unstoppable force that alters and consumes everything, this Devouring timel, as it Is called In the first verse. Enveloped In the usual Shakespearian structure of the sonnet, the (female) lyrical I allows time to do whatever It wishes with the world, but forbids It to consume one thing: Her lovers beauty. As usual for the Shakespearian Sonnet, it consists of 3 quatrains and a closing couplet. Usually, these four sub-units present themselves as thematic blocks, suggesting a certain independence from each other and sometimes even a contrast, but we cannot deny that the basic, four-part sonnet structure has not changed since he day It was created. Embedding the human perception of time In such a structure, we are faced by a twofold demonstration of namelessness and superiority. Therefore, it seems to be the natural conclusion that the lyrical I addresses Time2 as it would address one of the deities found in several sonnets of Shakespearean and others. It goes without saying that the characteristic four-part structure of a sonnet can have a great variety of worldly counterparts, be It the four elements, the four archangels or the four temperaments. In Sonnet 19. He lyrical I makes the association quite obvious: Make glad and sorry seasons as thou fleets3. If we assume that each part of the sonnet corresponds with one of the seasons, the connection between the endless and elusive concept of time is limited to the human perspective: Each part of the sonnet corresponds with a stage of life. In the first quatrain, time Is presented as the consuming force in life that seems almighty because It will even defeat the lion, the king of the animals and the earths sweet rood4 seems to tie the quatrain to the concept of youth. As humans age and become adults, they start to see the wide world and all her fading sweets5, the sweetest of which is certainly love, which will become the matter of argument in the following verses. The focus of the sonnet now shifts onto the love between the lyrical I and her lover, emphasizing it as an important factor during adulthood. As life progresses and humans start to recognize that time also affects themselves, It presents Itself as harsh and unforgiving. The lyrical I even considers It a heinous crime6. Eventually, old time will do its worst and life will end. These last two verses imply a certain level of surrender, but in the end, the corporeal has to be given up anodes not matter anymore, because time has also revealed a new truth: The most important thing was not the sensual love connected to the lovers body, but the platonic love that will defeat time and in the verse ever live young And make the earth devour her own sweet brood, Pluck the keen teeth from the fierce tigers Jaws, And burn the long-lived phoenix in her blood, Make glad and sorry seasons as thou fleets, And do whatever thou wilt, swift-footed Time, To the wide world and all her fading sweets; But I forbid thee one most heinous crime- O carve not with thy hours my loves fair brow, Nor draw no lines there with thin antique pen, Him in thy course untainted do allow For beautys pattern to succeeding men. Yet do thy worst, old Time. Despite thy wrong My love shall in my verse ever live young.

Analysis of Different Types of Partnership

Analysis of Different Types of Partnership Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . Analysis of Different Types of Partnership Introduction In this assignment I am expected to analyse different types of Partnership. During this I would be explaining and evaluating those types of partnership and be able to advise my clients which one is the best one for someone starting a business for the first time and also be able to states all the benefits of each type of business structure. According to the classic definition of partnership provided by s.1 of the Partnership Act 1890 is: â€Å"Partnership is the relation which subsists between persons carrying on a business in common with a view to profit.† Partnership is an incorporated body which means that the partnership does not have a separate legal personality from the partners. In the eyes of the law the partners is the business. If one partner make a decisions regarding the partnership and it goes wrong all partners are liable, they all can end up personally bankrupt because their personal assets can and will b e used to pay the partnership debts. In another hand if one partners become personally bankrupt the creditors can be entitled to his or her share of the partnership. This is why it is important to have a partnership agreement where the partners can ensure themselves against bankruptcy of individual partners. In the deed they can specify the outcome of any undesirable eventuality. It is the partnership agreement that rule the partnership. In case of no partnership agreement there is the Partnership Act 1890. The Act does not state any formal decision making structure of the partnership. According to the act a partnership does not requires one. The partners can set out the partnership agreement according to their needs. Usually the partnership deed is used to stipulate the dos and don’ts of the partnership and to delegate or retain the power and responsibility of the partners. It has to cover all eventualities, such as who owns the partnership premises; how new partners are to be taken in, and how they are to be paid; retirement of partners; circumstances in which a partner may be removed from the partnership Partners’ relationship must always be of the business’s best interest. It is very different from the relationship between employer and employee. Partners are business owners depend on their shares is the partnership which give them a number of co-existent rights. They have the right to take parts on decisions that affects the business; they have the rights to share profits and losses according to their shares on partnership; the rights to examine the accounts, to veto in the entrance of new partner and all partner are at liberty to the good faith of the other partners unless specified otherwise in the partnership deeds. There are three types of partnership: The general partnership, Limited Partnership and limited liability partnership. In general partnership all partners are liable for all debts of the business at the same proportions t hat they have in profits. The income and expense is reported on a separate return for tax purposes, but each partner then reports his or her pro-rata share of the profit or loss from the business as one line on his personal tax return. The most common form of partnership are group of people of the same family working together like a family plumbing firm and in another hand there are often group of professional people who work individually but have the benefit of shared support services like a firm of solicitors, doctors and accountants.

Effects of the media, tv advertising and commercials to individuals, Essay

Effects of the media, tv advertising and commercials to individuals, families and to society - Essay Example All advertised images of men and women are full of perfectly shaped bodies, drooled over by the lesser fortunate mortals. The average viewer watches 400 to 600 advertisements every day and this enormous amount of messaging can create a permanent mindset. Fatty foods are shown with awfully thin bodies triggering off a confused and strange eating tendency among the really younger sets. Acceptance of violence, almost expecting it, is another tendency that is unhappily growing among viewers. Children are becoming more and more bloodthirsty. Recent media story about a TV game where the little viewer had to blow up President Kennedy's head was an ultimate example of the horrifying intellectual bankruptcy. Children know all names in the TV game world, but cannot recognize the next-door kid, as they hardly play in the open. Perhaps a positive and encouraging, almost ethical approach is necessary for TV to make the right impact on viewers. Same goes for the beauty and beauty products. Beauty has been given so much importance that there is hardly any scope for mental development or intellectual improvement. One cannot find a single advertisement where it is told that mental enhancement or intellectual growth is necessary for a perfect human being. As commercials glorify trivia, the younger generation is getting hooked into it like being addicted to drugs, hoping to achieve unrealistic standards of body measurement and beauty. "This constant exposure to female-oriented advertisements may influence girls to become self-conscious about their bodies and to obsess over their physical appearance as a measure of their worth." http://www.mediascope.org/pubs/ibriefs/bia.htm Some people even... This "Effects of the media, tv advertising and commercials to individuals, families and to society" essay outlines the impact of the advertisement on consumers behavior and people overall. Some people even believe that advertisers tamper with the imaged figures, so that they could look almost impossibly true, only to create more desire among the viewers, which is perhaps probable. Reports from psychiatrists and psychologists show very bleak picture of their effects on people. Girls are known to complain that very thin models made them feel insecure and unhappy. Constant self-comparison with the dizzy heights of perfection is making viewers feel perpetually inadequate, mainly because advertisers do not allow viewers to forget the images. They force it upon them continuously till they become dissatisfied psychological wrecks. Horror of getting fat is driving the TV hooked into distraction. Stringent dieting can end in serious eating disorders that could be long lasting. Considerable nu mber of younger people has started smoking to control the healthy hunger. Males spend most of their time in the gyms trying to look more muscular. This pursuit sometimes ends up in taking unprescribed drugs and steroids, as men tend to develop pathological shame about their normal bodies. Average American girl is said to be watching 5000 hours of television and 80,000 ads even before she starts the kindergarten. Before their self esteem starts taking shape, it is already shaken with the bombardment of TV commercials.